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The book is on the table and the expression The book on the table have essentially the same relational meaning. However, they differ in their grammatical realization. An important reason for this difference is that in addition to encoding relational meaning, surface text encodes other facets of meaning—especially referential meaning. In this case, the difference in grammatical realization reflects the fact that the sentence “the book is on the table” refers to the relation “is on” existing between the expressions “the book” and “the table,” whereas the expression “the book on the table” refers to “the book” which happens to be “on the table”. In general, Double R Grammar follows Givon (1984) in arguing that grammatical variation is largely the result of a compromise between the differing requirements for the encoding of both semantic and discourse pragmatic aspects of meaning. For example, according to Givon, the discourse topic is typically encoded as the subject in English, as is the semantic agent of an action. However, when the discourse topic and agent do not coincide in a given sentence, grammatical variation (e.g., passivization or topicalization) results. While this work does address the meaningful consequences of grammatical variation resulting from trade-offs in the encoding of referential and relational meaning—as in the difference between the word “red” in “the book is red” and “the red book”—no attempt is made to provide a complete account of grammatical variation. To large extent, the encoding of referential and relational meaning will assume an unmarked or canonical ordering of lexical items. A more complete treatment will have to consider the representation of marked or noncanonical forms of text and the encoding of discourse pragmatic aspects of meaning more generally.Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea co.Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod . Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. |
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